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![]() | Basic operators and adjoints | ![]() |
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The filter is seen in any
column in the middle of the matrix,
namely .
In the transposed matrix,
the filter-impulse response
is time-reversed to
.
Therefore, mathematically,
we can say that the adjoint of the time derivative operation
is the negative time derivative.
Likewise, in the Fourier domain,
the complex conjugate of
is
.
We can also speak of the adjoint of the boundary conditions:
we might say that the adjoint of ``no boundary condition''
is a ``specified value'' boundary condition.
The last row in equation (3) is optional.
It may seem unnatural to append a null row, but it can be a small
convenience (when plotting) to have the input and output be the same size.
Equation (3) is implemented by the code in module igrad1 that does the operator itself (the forward operator) and its adjoint.
void sf_igrad1_lop(bool adj, bool add, int nx, int ny, float *xx, float *yy) /*< linear operator >*/ { int i; sf_adjnull(adj,add,nx,ny,xx,yy); for (i=0; i < nx-1; i++) { if (adj) { xx[i+1] += yy[i]; xx[i] -= yy[i]; } else { yy[i] += xx[i+1] - xx[i]; } } } |
The adjoint code may seem strange.
It might seem more natural to code the adjoint
to be the negative of the operator itself;
and then, make the special adjustments for the boundaries.
The code given, however, is correct and requires no adjustments
at the ends.
To see why, notice for each value of i,
the operator itself handles one row of
equation (3),
while for each i,
the adjoint handles one column.
That is why coding the adjoint in this way
does not require any special work on the ends.
The present method of coding reminds us that
the adjoint of a sum of terms is a collection of
assignments.
Think of the meaning of
for any particular
and
.
The adjoint simply accumulates that same value of
going the other direction
.
where we see that each component of the matrix is handled both by the operator and the adjoint. Think about the forward operator ``pulling'' a sum into yy(i), and think about the adjoint operator ``pushing'' or ``spraying'' the impulse yy(i) back into xx().
Figure 1 illustrates the use of module igrad1 for each north-south line of a topographic map. We observe that the gradient gives an impression of illumination from a low sun angle.
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stangrad
Figure 1. Topography near Stanford (top) southward slope (bottom). |
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To apply igrad1 along the 1-axis for each point on the 2-axis of a two-dimensional map, we use the loop
for (iy=0; iy < ny; iy++) igrad1_lop(adj, add, nx, nx, map[iy], ruf[iy]);
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![]() | Basic operators and adjoints | ![]() |
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